The fundamentals of the Frankfurt school's conception of art were expounded in Horkheimer and Adorno's book, Dialectic of Enlightenment, where the "critical theory of society" appeared in the form of a specific philosophy of history—the history of bourgeois enlightenment, whose sources the authors trace to ancient Greek mythology.

Postmodernism as a mythologem reflecting the remarkable shift that has taken place in contemporary Western culture as a whole entered the consciousness of our intelligentsia with the usual delay. This is not surprising if one bears in mind the constantly "lagging" character of our consciousness, which also colors in corresponding tones the whole of "Russian civilization," and if one believes that it is condemned to be always "catching up" and making up for lost time. Having arisen in the West as (...) a concept describing certain special characteristics of the latest architectural style that no longer fitted into the rather passé category of modernism, the concept of the postmodern was initially current, both in the West and in Russia, among people close to architecture. At that time it had not yet been able to acquire the "philosophical" subtext that is already felt in the book of Charles Jencks that came out in 1977 in Germany under the gaudy title The Language of Postmodern Architecture. (shrink)

Changes in the productive forces and, consequently, in the economic structure of socialist society as a whole are being prepared by the current relationships of production. We refer particularly to the influence of socioeconomic processes under the conditions of the revolution in science and technology on the development of the individual as a factor in the productive forces and as subject in production relationships.

My reflections will have more of an interrogative than an affirmative character. And the questions will be posed not only to others but also to myself. At the outset let me broach two questions. First, why is this work ethic needed; and second, who needs it? And at the same time I should like to translate some of the general ideological and cultural problems that have been discussed here into the language of political economy and sociology. This should, it seems (...) to me, enable us more quickly to find the common language between our emotionally colored discussions about Russia and the "Western" understanding of it. Otherwise, regardless of whether we discuss our Russian situation from a Slavophile or a Westernizing point of view, what one always gets in the final analysis is that Russia cannot be understood with the intellect. And if that is so, then why all this "intellectual noise". (shrink)

In the period of the general crisis of capitalism and the revolutionary transition from capitalism to socialism, the trends and prospects for the historical development of society have become the central question in the ideological struggle.

Two years ago, a professor at the University of California, Herbert Marcuse, an American social philosopher with traditional German training, came to be regarded as the recognized theoretician of the "New Left" movement. Marcuse's popularity compelled many writers, including ourselves , to make a careful examination specifically of the theoretical content of that teaching, which laid claim to performing the role of a critical and revolutionary theory of society. The development of a critique of the philosophical and theoretical foundations and (...) the internal contradictions of Marcuse's teachings was thus dictated by a real situation, by the actual struggle of ideas, and has perhaps still not lost its significance. Another problem, which aroused the interest of researchers even then but which had not found an answer in our article because of its specific purpose, had to do with the relationship between Marcuse's philosophical concept and the spontaneous consciousness of the "mass" participants in the real protest movement that came to be known as the "New Left" movement. (shrink)

In the years since World War II, the social critic has become a rather popular figure in the West. The demand for critical theories of society is readily explainable where the contradictions of social development take the form of sharp paradoxes recognized by the broad public. It may be assumed that interest in critical concepts of society will increase. People who recognize themselves as cogs without rights in the system of bureaucratic organization of state-supported monopoly capitalism, who react acutely to (...) the threat of social catastrophes , endow such concepts with the halo of humanism if only because they often find in them their own moods, given shape and seemingly elevated to the level of general social protest. These feelings represent a concrete dissatisfaction with the present situation, and the sense that the society in which they live is in crisis. (shrink)

1. Tŭrŏ kanŭn kŭl -- 2. Chungguk ŭi Pulgyo suyong : Yu, Pul kan ŭi kyosŏp kwa taerip -- 3. Koryŏ mal Yu, Pul taerip ŭi paegyŏng kwa ch'ui -- 4. Chosŏn ch'ogi paebul sasang kwa Pulgyo ŭi taeŭng -- 5. Yŏmal sŏnch'o Yu, Pul ch'ŏrhak nonjaeng ŭi t'ŭkching kwa ŭiŭi -- 6. Naganŭn kŭl.

As it happened, I became acquainted with E.V. Il'enkov quite late, in the mid- or even the late 1960s. It was only a bit more than ten years before his death that I began to feel at home in his house, was able to visit without calling ahead, and was able to call him by his first name and the familiar "you"—that is, like many, many of not only his true friends but also like-minded thinkers, who became his close acquaintances, (...) most of whom justly considered themselves his pupils … The door would open wide, and Olia, Professor K.I. Salimova, Eval'd's wife and most devoted friend, not at all surprised by the unexpected guest and seemingly even quite happy at his arrival , would try first to draw him into the kitchen and feed him … which she more often than not succeeded in doing. I am not talking about myself: there were always many guests, and this is precisely how they arrived at the Il'enkovs' apartment. Recently, a critic in Literaturnaia gazeta recalled those whom he met in Eval'd's apartment in the 1960s: "This was a tight circle of like-minded thinkers," wrote the critic. "But some of them are no longer with us, while most are far away, beyond our borders." Obviously, he had not been in the house often or had forgotten things over the distance of years. There was no "circle," nor could there have been one—not with this host, not with his lifestyle and way of relating to people. I met a good hundred fine and various people in Eval'd's home: I.N. Korzhavin, V. Davydov, A. Meshcheriakov, S. Vinogradova, N. Dubinin, V. Zinchenko, A. Zinov'ev, Iu. Kamiakin, and … indeed, five pages would not be enough to list the quite famous and the not-quite-so-famous, simply ordinary people with no claim to fame. Nazym Khikmet, A.N. Leont'ev, and B.M. Kedrov were friends of the house … Ever new faces, figures, and words come to mind. I cannot forgive myself: once Eval'd Vasil'evich wanted to take me along to Iurii Liubimov's to read his play Neither God nor Tsar nor Hero … [Ni bog, ni tsar' i ni geroi], but I had some other business, something so important that I do not even remember now what it was, and it is probably not worth remembering. But most likely I was too timid to appear uninvited at the house of a person burning with creativity. The same thing happened with Galich … Eval'd liked especially his song about Zoshchenko. He did not sing it; he narrated it, but in such a way that tears always came to one's eyes. (shrink)

The relationship between ethics and trust is ambiguous as ethics can promote trust, whilst trust can simultaneously be abused resulting in unethical behaviour. In this contribution to the debate on trust and ethics the focus is specifically on the role that ethics can play in facilitating trustworthiness. The article starts with a definition of the concept trustworthiness. It then reports on an empirical longitudinal study on trustworthiness that was conducted in a South African company in the insurance industry. The facilitators (...) of trustworthiness that were identified in this study and their relative contributions to trustworthiness are then discussed. Finally the implications of these findings for the ethical conduct of managers are discussed. It is demonstrated how ethical managerial conduct can enhance the trustworthiness of managers. (shrink)

We introduce Kripke models for propositional substructural logics with strong negation, and show the completeness theorems for these logics using an extended Ishihara's canonical model construction method. The framework presented can deal with a broad range of substructural logics with strong negation, including a modified version of Nelson's logic N$^-$, Wansing's logic COSPL, and extended versions of Visser's basic propositional logic, positive relevant logics, Corsi's logics and M\'endez's logics.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:THE UNITY OF THE VICES JONATHAN JACOBS Oolgate University, Hamilton, New York JOHN ZEIS Oanisius Ooilege, Buffalo, New York W:E SOMETIMES describe someone 1rus "just plain,, ' ' • • 0 " ' ' • • mean, or Just plam d1shonesit, orr JUSt pJam unw." Or we say" thaJt wrus ·a just plain ·stupid thing rto do.," G~a:liizing from tlhese and lik!e descriiptions, we can ask, are there any (...) "just plain" vices? By this I mean, are :amy vices pure, 1e.g., can rthere he Cl'lllelty hut nort injustice or in!t:Jempertance, intemperance hut no!t a £ailill'e orf pmctical wisdom, cowardice but not intemperance or injustice, and so on? Is therie perhaps a unity of the vices? Is each ;a col'l'IU!ption thrat involves the coITUpiting ctontriburtion of the othe'l'IS? If there is,a, run:iity of the vicies, then 1be:inig ra vicious individual is Il!Ort siinply 1a ma!bter o:f failing :across the dimensioill of one or rrunothe.r 1 Cihaa:iae1becisltic. ]t ms tan extensi,ve diaiilure, 1a unified (:if l[JIOrt toit.al) failure, even if it is most evident 1and preVialent in one or another •specific respecit. 'f1his iis not to isay thrut.theiie is just one vice,.any moil'!e 1than '!Jo.endorse the unity of it.he virtues is to reduce tth:em to Ollle. There.are many woes OOlld many virrbues, eaiCh respeotively h!ruving to do with dillemnt 1and variously!l'le1aibed crupacirties, motives, emotions, and tiiaiits. Yet, rut least with respect to the virtues a good caise can be mrude :that they.are unified, aind thrut ·AnisbotLe was oorrreot in concluding that practical wisdom :and viWtues of cha;riacter mum occur st quite 1 s1tably, even if '1llolt happily. In any case, we ail"e in 1 to:tal ag.rteemelllt with Geach when he 1sayis 1that ithaJt "If 1a man's ha1bit of sound moml judgme1J11t is virtiiafod anyiwhere, then :it is at risk eVierywhere; but not all dangel"s issue in disa1sit1e'f!s." 3 But 1thes1e dis1as!ters arie aV1eTted r.not because of,any moml str1ength of characil:er 1 th:ait the agent 1truly ihas bUJt heca:us1 e of a me11e inc1ilJJaition tues. 'Ilhe former may he very :firm ox srtable. Mo11eover the n:aituil'ally vi11tuous rindividual may giener1a1ly no1t he oornfused or.impeded maction by "b.ar:d easies" or nnvelty. Alt times he rmay, 1and lthien me may find his re1sourroes iinoompe1be!I1t O'I.' unoel 'l:Ja1in in 1bhreir direetives. Hut the main rpo:inlt of co111iCT'last is thait mo11al virtues 11eflieot 1a 1evel of 1agency wh1oh involves undersitanding 1and self-determin1ation engiaged 1 to t:hat undersltanding, 1a 1leviel tihJait tis 1ruhsen1t foom iinc1ination-grounded action. Na,tu11a1l vri:r1tues 1a1rie ll101t to he despised, 1 and 1aclts :thait fLorw 1f110m 1tJhem 1are not w:iithout moml Wiortlh. But, using the fangiuiage of Fr1a:nk£u:rt, mom1l virtues are oha1racter]s,tios thait refiecrt second order volitions.5 The aiotis: thait flow fil1om them •are not H11e reis:ult of ways one just hrupens to be. And the undeil'-,starnding involvred in moml vrntues makes mo'ral misdireotion 1 1es;s li1"ely. Again, mnswder suoh t.lrings rus mis1applied oomprussfon, or paiti:errce, whioh can involve u1mairness 1and imprudence. P1 errharpis it.is heoausie rbhe mo:rial V1mtueis rare unified that it is 1so hard to rbe 1good. They invo1vie a complex reperrto:We of judgmenits, d1sposi!tiorrs, and moti¥es. No one of them can he oomp1ete on its own, and wie c1an't oome to have 1 tJhem simply 1hy decis1on. One oan til.'y rbo he move coumgeous bU1t caill't ibring it rubout meriely hy init1emal eommanid. Self-imposrutiion in5 In " Freedom of the Will and 'The Concept of a Person," H. Frankfurt writes, "Someone has a desire of the second order when he wants simply to have a certain desire or when he wants a certain desire to be his will. In situations of the latter kind, I shall call his second-order desires "secondorder volitions" or " volitions of the second order." Now it is having... (shrink)

The theory of branching space-times, put forward by Belnap, considers indeterminism as local in space and time. In the axiomatic foundations of that theory, so-called choice points mark the points at which the possible future can turn out in different ways. Working under the assumption of choice points is suitable for many applications, but has an unwelcome topological consequence that makes it difficult to employ branching space-times to represent a range of possible physical space-times. Therefore it is interesting to develop (...) a branching space-times theory without choice points. This is what we set out to do in this paper, providing new foundations for branching space-times in terms of choice sets rather than choice points. After motivating and developing the resulting theory in formal detail, we show that it is possible to translate structures of one style into structures of the other style and vice versa. This result shows that the underlying idea of indeterminism as the branching of spatio-temporal histories is robust with respect to different implementations, making a choice between them a matter of expediency rather than of principle. (shrink)

Sobre el libro: Con el siglo XX ha finalizado una época de la historia. Las dos guerras mundiales acentúan las tensiones que abren paso a un orden que sucumbe en 1989 con la caída del muro de Berlín. El desarrollo de la técnica y la aparición de la televisión anulan la distancia entre sujeto y objeto característica del pensamiento moderno. Las nuevas tecnologías se convierten en plataforma de importantes cambios sociales cuando comienza un nuevo milenio. Los analistas de tendencias descubren (...) el nacimiento de una nueva sensibilidad que busca pensar de otro modo al hombre, el mundo y la cultura. Romano Guardini anticipó algunos de los problemas que recibía el siglo XX y que debían encontrar una nueva orientación. En 1918 afirma la primacía del Logos sobre el Ethos subrayando cómo el respeto al ser, a la verdad y al sentido de la realidad protegen al hombre. Desde una profunda confianza en la capacidad humana de conocer, ofrece como respuesta a los problemas que plantea la tradición intelectual que le precede un modo de contemplar al hombre desde la revelación que puede ayudar a pensar el curso de la cultura contemporánea. Sobre la autora: Mónica Codina es profesora de la Facultad de Comunicación de la Universidad de Navarra. Entre sus publicaciones hay que destacar El sigilo de la memoria. Tradición y nihilismo en la narrativa de Dostoyevski (Pamplona, 1997), una visión de la antropología subyacente a la narrativa de Dostoyevski; De la ética desprotegida. Ensayos sobre deontología de la comunicación (Pamplona, 2001), sobre la dimensión ética de las profesiones ligadas a la comunicación; y Jornalism for Integration. The Muhammad Cartoons, en colaboración con Jordi Rodríguez-Virgili, publicado en Javnost-The Public, vol. 14 (2007), nº 2, donde se discute el concepto europeo de libertad de expresión. (shrink)

The paper develops value based management guidelines from the famous Indian treatise on management, Kautilya's Arthashastra. Guidelines are given for individual components of a total framework in detail, which include guidelines for organizational philosophy, value based leadership, internal corporate culture, accomplishment of corporate purpose and feedback from stakeholders.

Мета. Дослідження спрямовано на амбівалентні інтерпретації меж толерування жорстокості у філософії ХХ століття. Теоретичний базис. Основою дослідження стали концепції Жана-Поля Сартра, Жоржа Батая та Альбера Камю, які не виправдовують жорстокість, але показують можливість її легітимності за деяких умов. Наукова новизна. Автори встановили три головні лінії толерування жорстокості, які стали основою амбівалентної інтерпретації: 1) обґрунтування необхідності жорстокості в боротьбі за соціальну справедливість (Сартр); 2) обґрунтування можливості жорстокості щодо себе як наслідок прав та свобод людини (Камю); 3) обґрунтування доцільності гносеологічної жорстокості як (...) засобу, який розширює кордони пізнання (Батай). Висновки. Амбівалентна інтерпретація жорстокості, характерна для Ж. Батая, А. Камю та Ж.-П. Сартра, розмиває межі толерування жорстокості і відкриває простір для маніпуляцій, які можуть порушити права та свободи людей. Якщо концепція А. Камю попри дискусивність залишається в межах поваги до людської гідності, то в інтерпретації Ж.-П. Сартра людина, незважаючи на права та свободи, які декларує філософ, може сприйматися лише як інструмент для соціальної боротьби, а в Ж. Батая – як можливість отримати новий екстатичний досвід шляхом жорстокого поводження з іншими. (shrink)

Separate focus on crop fertilization or feeding practices inadequately describes nitrogen (N) loss from mixed dairy farms because of (1) interaction between animal and crop production and between the production system and the manager, and (2) uncertainties of herd N production and crop N utilization. Therefore a systems approach was used to study N turnover and N efficiency on 16 conventional and 14 organic private Danish farms with mixed animal (dairy) and crop production. There were significant differences in N surplus (...) at the farm level (242 kg. N/ha. vs. 124 kg. N/ha. on conventional and organic dairy farms respectively) with a correlation between stocking rate and N surplus. N efficiency was calculated as the output of N in animal products divided by the net N import in fodder, manure and fertilizer. N turnover in herd and individual crops calculated on selected farms showed differences in organic and conventional crop N utilization. This is explained via a discussion of the rationality behind the current way of planning the optimum fertilizer application in conventional agriculture. The concept of marginal N efficiency is insufficient for correcting problems of N loss from dairy farms. Substantial reductions in N loss from conventional mixed dairy farms is probably unlikely without lower production intensity. The concept of mean farm unit N efficiency might be a way to describe the relation between production and N loss to facilitate regulation. This concept is linked to differing goals of agricultural development—i.e. intensification and separation vs. extensification and integration. It is discussed how studies in private farms—using organic farms as selected critical cases—can demonstrate possibilities for balancing production and environmental concern. (shrink)

Makalede İlâhî vahyin insanın ontolojik gerçekliğini göz ardı etmediğini, ontolojik gerçekliği üzerinden insanlara mesaj verdiği konusu ele alınmıştır. Bu durum, rüya ve şeriatlerin farklılığıyla ispat edilmeye, bu fikre temayül gösteren ancak Kur’ân hakkında olumsuz bir argüman olarak kullanan Montgomery Watt gibi müsteşriklere de cevap verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu yapılırken ilk önce bilinçaltının anlaşılması hususunda bazı örnekler verilmiş sonra rüya sembollerinde baskın olan kültürel unsurlara temas edilmiştir. Rüyalardaki sembollerin şekillenmesinde mantıksal bağı irdeleyen İslam ulemasının açıklamalarına ve rüya tevillerine de yer verilmiştir. Bu (...) yorum ve tevillerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla insanlarda ortak görülen sembollerin Jung’un arketip, İslam ulemasının ise zihinsel kalıp ve manaların elbisesi dediği bir nevi kültürün kodlarından oluşan bilinçaltı alfabesi tarafından formlaştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Dini değer ve ifadeler Müslüman kültürde en dominant öğeler olduğundan Müslüman yorumcular genelde rüya sembollerini Kur’an ve hadisteki sözler veya bu sembolleri çağrıştıran ifadelerle yorumlamaya çalışmışlardır. Bu mantıktan hareketle tefsirde büyük problem olarak görülen Hz. İbrahim’in, oğlu İsmail’i kurban etme olayı ele alınmış ve nasıl anlaşılmasının gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Bunun, baskın kültür altında sembolleşen bir rüya olduğu ve İsrail Oğullarına ‘Bakar’ kesme emriyle toplumun yanlış algısının değiştirilmesinin amaçlanması gibi çocukların tanrılara kurban edildiği ortamdaki yanlışlığın giderilmesi, kurban ritüelini tebdil edilmesinin amaçlandığı ifade edilmiştir. Daha sonra şeriat-ontolojik gerçeklik ilişkisi irdelenmiş, dinde bütün insanların ortak fıtratının esas alındığı ve bundan dolayı dinin bütün insanlar için değişmeyen bir olgu, şeriatlerin ise kültürün baskın olduğu ve dolayısıyla bir yönüyle ilişki içinde olduğu toplumsal bilinçaltı olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Kur’ân’da, dinin temel prensipleri ve resullerin üzerine birleştikleri kapsamlı şeriat kanunları dile getirilmiştir. Genel hatlarıyla din, Allah’ın varlıkları üzerine yarattığı (insanın tabiatının kolektif değişmezliğine dayalı) ve bütün mahlûkata sevimli geleni, marufu emretmeyi, münkerden nehyi, temiz şeyleri helal eden, zararlı olan şeyleri haramı eden emirleri içermektedir. İslam ulemasına göre bütün semavi dinlerde esas olan Allah’a, meleklerine, resullerine, kitaplarına ve ahiret gününe iman etmek, insanın yaptığı takdirde Müslüman olacağı fiilleri işlemektir. Bu iman da doğal olarak dünyadan yüz çevirmeyi, ahirete yönelmeyi, güzel ahlakı edinmeyi ve kötü ahlaktan da kaçınmayı gerektirir. Ancak şeriatlar ise birbirinden farklılık gösterebilir. Çünkü şeriatlar dinin indiği toplumun hallerini ve maslahatlarını esas aldığından değişiklik arz eder. Şeriatların farklılaşmasında toplumsal bilinçaltının göz ardı edilmediğini göstermek bağlamında Kur’ân’dan örnekler verilmek suretiyle savunulan tez ispat edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunlardan birisi, Kur’ân’da Arapların ortak duygularının esas alınması, kültürel bazı unsurların kullanılması, bir diğeri de yabancı isimlerin Arapların ifade ettiği şekliyle, ümmi anlayışa uygun kullanılmasıdır. Ayrıca bu konuda bazı helal yiyeceklerin Yahudilere haram kılınması ve diğer şeriatlerde yer alan bazı farklılıklar üzerinde durulmuştur. Helal yiyeceklerin haram kılınması konusunda Hz. Yakub’un yakalandığı ağır hastalıktan iyileştiği takdirde sevdiği yiyecekleri yememeyi nezretmesi, buna bağlı olarak iyileşince deve eti ve sütünü yiyip içmemesi, daha sonra çocukları ve ümmetinin de bu yiyeceklerden uzak durması sonucunda Tevrat’ta bunların haram kılınması örneği üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu örnek, şeriatlerin farklılaşmasının nedeninin bir şeye karşı tavrın toplumsal bir alışkanlık halini almasının sonucu olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Nitekim teravih namazının Müslümanlarca toplu kılınması ve buna devam edilmesi durumunda farz kılınır endişesiyle evlerinde kılmalarını tavsiye eden Allah Resulünün endişesinin de bunu pekiştirdiği dile getirilmiştir. Diğer şeriatlerde bazı farklılıklar konusunda ise orucun öncekilere farz kılınmasına rağmen keyfiyetinin farklı olması üzerinde durulmuştur. Aynı şekilde namaz, zekât ve haccın semavî dinlerinin hepsinde olmasına rağmen keyfiyetinin değiştiği örneklerle izah edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda milletlerin yaşam tarzlarının ve kültürünün dolayısıyla toplumsal bilinçaltı şeriatlerin farklılığında gözönüne alındığı ifade edilmiştir. Nitekim İsâ peygambere tabi olanların kendilerine emredilmemekle birlikte Allah’ın rızasını elde etmek için ruhbanlığı kendilerine farz kılmaları ve buna devam etmeleri karşısında Allah’ın buna itibar ederek, ruhbanlıkta bulunanlara ücretlerini verdiğini ifade etmesi de bu durumu pekiştirmektedir. Sonuç olarak din ve dine taalluk eden her şeyin insanlığın ortak fıtratını esas aldığını, şeriatten şeriate değişiklik gösteren unsurların da kültürel ve bir yönüyle toplumsal bilinçaltıyla ilgili olan hususlar olduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Christianity has been crucial in the conceptualization and articulation of the moral framework of the Western tradition. The social sciences, including ethics, were modeled on physical science. However, the Enlightenment project inculcated a metaphysics and an epistemology that reduced the subject to an object and thus undermined the conditions of freedom, agency and an accessible cosmic order; all of which are essential to morality. Competing value claims were shunted into a political context for resolution, but the politicalized morality itself requires (...) a framework for evaluating resolutions. While neither the Enlightenment nor post-modernism can provide such a framework, Christian tradition can, in fact, provide just such a framework and response. (shrink)